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11 januarja, 2018

Maruša Bradač: Plan(et) B

Nikoli bolj kot po zadnjih volitvah v Združenih državah Amerike se nisem spraševala o planu B. Ostati v državi A ali pobegniti v državo B? Toda takoj se pojavi še večje vprašanje.

Kateri je plan(et) B? Njihov (ker moj že ni) predsednik namreč očitno hoče uničiti naš plan(et) A, pa ne samo z izstopom iz pariškega sporazuma, pač pa s kar načrtnim ignoriranjem kričanja našega planeta A, ki se pospešeno segreva. Nam znanstvenikom nenehno reže denar za raziskave, na spletni strani Bele hiše pa kar ukine celotno agencijo za varovanje okolja. Kaj nam torej preostane? Plan(et) B?

To je seveda stvar, s katero se kot astrofizičarka rada spoprimem. Raziskujem galaksije daleč onkraj našega osončja, vse tja do samega začetka našega vesolja. In ni jih malo. Naša Rimska cesta je le ena izmed več tisoč milijard galaksij v vesolju. In vsaka galaksija (tudi naša) ima več sto milijard zvezd. Če zmnožimo to dvoje, dobimo zelo veliko številko. 1 in 11 ničel krat 1 in 12 ničel je enako 1 in 23 ničel. 100 sekstilijonov zvezd. Ogromno. Torej ni hudič, da ne bi vsaj ena imela planeta B. Sliši se torej obetavno. Vseh zvezd žal ne moremo opazovati, ker so predaleč, toda s satelitom Kepler smo opazovali tiste bližnje, in skoraj vsaka ima planete. Najpogostejši planeti so le malo večji od naše Zemlje. Planet bomo torej našli. Sedaj pa v lov za vodo.

Tudi tukaj naletimo na dobre novice. Voda je sestavljena iz vodika in kisika, elementov, ki ju je v vesolju v obilici. Toda samo elemena sta premalo. Potrebujemo molekule. Astronomi molekule vode zaznavamo v medzvezdnem plinu in tudi v oddaljenih galaksijah. Najbolj presenetljivi pa so rezultati različnih misij NASE, ki so odkrile vodo tudi tam, kjer je znanstveniki nismo pričakovali. Tako ima vodo vsaj pet lun Jupitra in Saturna: Ganimed, Evropa, Kalisto, Enceladus in Titan. Znanstveniki predvidevajo, da ima asteroid Ceres skoraj toliko vode kot naša Zemlja. Voda je verjetno tudi na Plutonu. Juno, misija NASE, ki je pred kratkim obiskala Jupiter, je poslala visoko ločljive fotografije tega planeta, ki kažejo oblake na Jupitru. Ti so sestavljeni iz vode ali amonijakovega ledu. In ne nazadnje, še malo bližje domu je Mars, ki je včasih imel reke in ima tekočo vodo verjetno še danes.

Torej voda je, planeti tudi so, toda ali imamo tudi planet B? Žal ne. Potovanje na Mars bo mogoče v nekaj deset letih, a dlje od Marsa bomo v naslednjih sto letih težko prišli. In čeprav morda Mars ima še kje skrito vodo, ni primeren za življenje. Prav tako ne ostali planeti, planetoidi in asteroidi v našem osončju. Morda obstaja kakšno drugo sonce s primerno Zemljo, toda do tja je daleč. In s tem ne mislim »iz Maribora do Portoroža« daleč. Potovanje do najbližje zvezde z današnjo tehnologijo bi trajalo 100.000 let, misija Orion, s katero naj bi ljudje potovali na Mars, ne bo dosti hitrejša. Optimistično gledano, v daljni prihodnosti bi se morda s pomočjo jedrske fizike lahko približali 10 % svetlobne hitrosti ali 100.000.000 km/h, samo potovanje do najbližje zvezde bi tako trajalo 40 let. Ampak takrat bo Zemlja že davno neprimerna za življenje, ljudje pa bomo verjetno že dolgo na obsežnem seznamu izumrlih vrst. Tako lahko pridemo le do zaključka, da plan B ni planet B. Plan B je skrb za naš planet. Kajti od njegovega zdravja smo odvisni prav vsi, ne glede na raso, barvo kože in to, kdo je predsednik države, v kateri živimo.

Piše: Maruša Bradač

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