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Arhitektura,Dediščina
/
31 avgusta, 2021

Matevž Granda: Kioski

Skoraj si ne moremo predstavljati kioskov brez časopisov, kot si tudi ne moremo predstavljati časopisov brez kioskov. Kiosk je prostorska materializacija časopisa. Vsako mesto jih ima. Seveda poleg časopisov ponujajo še marsikaj drugega: revije, knjige, tobak, vozovnice, prigrizke, pijače ... Kiosk je postal obvezna urbana oprema vsakega sodobnega mesta.  Vendar pa je prvotni izvor tega stavbnega tipa nekje povsem drugje. Beseda kiosk izhaja iz perzijske besede kūshk. Pomeni pa majhen odprt vrtni paviljon. Ta se je pojavil v 13. stoletju, najprej na območju Perzije, kasneje tudi na indijski podcelini in v otomanskem imperiju. Arhitekturna igrivost teh malih samostoječih objektov je gradila kontrapunkt vegetaciji vrtov premožnih palač. Služili so počitku v senci in okrepčitvi s čajem.  Ko so si v kioskih perzijskih rajskih vrtov izmenjavali informacije razni diplomati in vladarji, je na zahodu vzniknila nova oblika obveščanja, ki je nato spremenila svet: časopis. Prvi je bil natisnjen leta 1609 v Antwerpnu in od takrat so se časopisi počasi širili. Leta 1790 je William Nicholson patentiral rotacijski tisk in tako so časopisi v 19. stoletju doživeli pravi razcvet.  Sredi 19. stoletja je nastal hibrid perzijskega stavbnega tipa in evropske tehnologije tiska: mala ulična prodajalna časopisov – kiosk. Od takrat si mestnih ulic Pariza, Barcelone, Londona ali Dunaja ne moremo več predstavljati brez kioska, tako kot si sodobnih mest ne moremo več predstavljati brez brezžičnega dostopa do spleta. 

Arhitekt Jože Plečnik je v prvi polovici 20. stoletja v Ljubljani zasnoval tri kioske. Eden stoji na Hrvatskem trgu, drugi na Vegovi ulici in tretji na Prešernovem trgu, ob Tromostovju. Vsak je oblikovan kot majhen arhitekturni capriccio. Prvi spominja na kapelico, drugi je hibrid plakatnega stebra in trafike, tretji je kot majhen tempelj. Vsak na svoj način preigrava temo malega paviljona. 

J. Plečnik: kiosk na Hrvatskem trgu

J. Plečnik: kiosk na Vegovi

J. Plečnik: kiosk na Tromostovju

Pravi razcvet pa so kioski pri nas doživeli leta 1966, ko je arhitekt in oblikovalec Saša Mächtig predstavil legendarni kiosk K67. Podobno kot je rotacijski tisk časopisom omogočil velike naklade, je uporaba novih materialov, kot je poliester, v arhitekturi omogočila velikoserijsko proizvodnjo. Arhitekturni objekt je postal izdelek industrijskega oblikovanja. Serijska proizvodnja enot je omogočila uvedbo modularnega sistema, s katerim je bilo mogoče ustvariti poljuben sestav. Od konca šestdesetih pa do konca osemdesetih let je bilo izdelanih več kot 7500 enot. Postavljene so bile po vsem svetu.

Kiosk K67, Saša J. Mächtig, 1966

Izdelek se je zapisal v zgodovino oblikovanja. Od leta 1970 je del zbirke muzeja MoMA v New Yorku. Kioskov K67 že nekaj časa ne izdelujejo več, pa vendar jih lahko ponovno srečujete v svetovnih prestolnicah. Leta 2019 so enega postavili na Times Square, najmanjša restavracija, s katero se ponaša Berlin, je umeščena v K67, obnovljen primerek pa so pred kratkim postavili tudi na ljubljanski tržnici. 

Četudi se zdi, da bo internet kmalu izpodrinil dnevne časopise, je vse bolj jasno, da bo tisk ostal. Ostali bodo tudi kioski. Morda se bo njihova vsebina spreminjala, a ostali bodo mali paviljoni srečevanja sredi mestnih središč.

Napisal: Matevž Granda

Foto: Jana Jocif

Besedilo je bilo objavljeno v posebni knjižni izdaji Med vrsticami, posvečeni intervjujem z novinarji in ustvarjalci časopisov (septembra 2020)

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Revija Outsider

Revija Outsider je prejela Plečnikovo medaljo za prispevek k bogatitvi arhitekturne kulture. Kot piše v utemeljitvi, sta revija in spletni portal Outsider nov slovenski medij o kulturi in družbi, ki si prizadeva za poznavalski in hkrati distanciran pogled na prostor. Ekipa arhitektov, ki skrbi za njen obstoj, je nagrajena za inovativnost pri širjenju zavedanja o arhitekturi in prostoru v kontekstu širše kulture in širše javnosti ter za vztrajnost na vsebinski in finančni neodvisnosti.

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