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Arhitektura,Dediščina
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5 septembra, 2019

Aleksander Vujović: Umetnost bivanja na strmem terenu

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V revijah pogosto opisujemo uspešne prenove starih kmečkih kompleksov, ki so posodobljeni s premišljenim posredovanjem arhitektov. Tole ni tak primer. Gre za avtentično ljudsko gradnjo s cerkljanskega področja, ki je še vedno v rabi in kjer arhitekt – odkar uradno obstaja kot specializiran poklic – do današnjih časov ni posredoval. Zasnova in izvedba torej izhajata iz bogate splošne stavbne dediščine, ki se je v tem primeru razvila v polnem razkošju.

Prvi pisni dokazi o obstoju posestva datirajo v leto 1777, zabeleženo je pod imenom Kumrova bajta oz. kamnolar – kamniti svet. Prostorsko se je razvilo na treh nivojih, srednji je danes glavna dostopna pot. Zanimivo je, da so najprej na najnižji koti postavili kovačijo z majhnim prenočiščem, v kateri so za širšo regijo izdelovali ključavnice s ključi, različne jeklene povezave, dele orodij in stavbnega pohištva. Na posestvu je danes šest objektov, poleg kovačije so tu še kozolec toplar, čebelnjak, stanovanjska hiša, svinjak in hlev. Slednji trije so zgrajeni kot enoten kompleks treh povezanih volumnov, ostali pa so prostostoječi. Povezovalni element med hišo in hlevom je prehodna črna kuhinja, kjer je kurišče za krušno peč, ki je vgrajena v izbi. Črni dim je poleg kuhinje ogreval še sobo v nadstropju, mimo katere je uhajal v preostanek podstrešja.

Dvoriščno kompozicijo zaključujeta na najvišji točki postavljen čebelnjak in prelep kozolec toplar z zidanimi stebri, ki obiskovalca pozdravi ob glavni poti, na istem nivoju kot hiša. Ker so večje stavbe grajene na strmem terenu, imajo dve pritličji oz. dostop v različne etaže s spodnje in zgornje strani. Gre za klasičen primer sonaravne gradnje, kjer so premišljeno izkoriščali topografske danosti. Tako so nekdanji bivalni prostori nad kovačijo dostopni z osrednje ravni, nad hlevom pa je steljnik – shramba za seno, ki je dostopna z najvišje plastnice.

Princip gradnje je povsod enak. Kamnit podstavek različnega obsega: na hiši polmetrski cokel, na svinjaku in hlevu celotno pritličje, nad njim lesena konstrukcija: pomožni objekti so iz lesenega skeleta in desk, hiša iz ometanih brun. Dvokapna lesena ostrešja prekrivajo čudovite strehe iz slame, ki so dodaten dejavnik poenotenja posestva.

Skupek objektov, ki je rasel s povečevanjem družine in razvojem obrti, je preživel potrese, poplave in vojne ter ni doživel veliko modernizacije: v 20. stoletju je bila v stanovanjsko hišo napeljana elektrika, svinjak je bil prekvalificiran v kurnik, prvotno bivališče nad kovačijo pa v shrambo. Še največji poseg je bila povečava oken na hiši, ki so nekoč merila le skromnih 40 x 40 cm.

Stavbe so bile obnavljane in vzdrževane, a vsakič z lokalnimi obrtniki, ki so spoštovali logiko gradnje in tradicionalne postopke. Tako so obdržale avtentičnost ljudske gradnje z vsemi detajli in opremo. V kovačiji je denimo še vedno delujoča delavnica z usnjenim mehom, kalupi in primeži iz 19. stoletja, hiša hrani popolno originalno pohištvo in orodja, kot so kolovrat in priprave za polaganje slamnate strehe.

Kljub slabim desetim metrom višinske razlike med najnižjo in najvišjo točko posestvo odlično deluje kot celota z glavno potjo na osrednjem nivoju in z dobrimi prečnimi povezavami med objekti po terenu.

Stavbna gruča je lahko dober zgled današnjim stanovanjskim samograditeljem in njihovim naslednikom ter nekaterim prevzetnim novodobnim investitorjem, ki v frustraciji pred strmim terenom ravnajo hribe ali izdelujejo večmetrske podporne zidove, s čimer kazijo in izzivajo naravo, ob tem pa si še manjšajo uporabno površino zazidalnega območja.

Dolina Novaki – Čufarjeva domačija
Obstoječe stanje, 1989
Arhiv ZVKDS OE Nova Gorica

Besedilo in foto: Aleksander Vujović

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