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Arhitektura,Razmislek
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26 aprila, 2020

Arhitektura izolacije, 5. del: Veliki zidovi

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V času, ko se svet zapira v svoje domove, da bi se izognil širjenju koronavirusa, predstavljamo zgodovinske arhitekture, ki so na ta ali oni način služile izolaciji posameznikov ali skupin.

 Gre za morda najprimitivnejšo, najpreprostejšo arhitekturno rešitev: če bi radi eno ozemlje ločili od drugega, zgradite zid. Tega načela so se posluževali narodi in njihovi voditelji od pradavnine pa do danes. Zid je fizična prepreka, ki jo je še danes moč premagati zgolj z nekaj truda ali pa sploh ne, in neželenim osebam prepreči vstop na določeno ozemlje, ali pa jih zadrži na svojem. Vsak zid ima dve strani, in to je ena izmed najbolj določujočih lastnosti te izvorne arhitekturne tvorbe.

Morda najprej pomislimo prav na Veliki kitajski zdi, serijo obrambnih fortifikacij, ki se raztezajo na skoraj 9000km in so bile zgrajene med 14. in 17. stoletjem kot obramba pred vpadi ljudstev z območja današnje Mongolije. Zid večkrat označimo kot ‘edino grajeno strukturo, ki je vidna iz vesolja’, vendar to ni popolnoma res – zid je iz vesolja zelo slabo viden. A to prav nič ne zmanjšuje njegove mogočnosti!

Kitajski zid

Najstarejši deli zidu so zgrajeni iz zbite zemlje, kamna in lesa. Kasneje so bili dodani veliki odseki, zgrajeni iz opeke, pri gradnji pa so bile uporabljene tudi različne vrste kamna in celo keramika. Zid je zgrajen iz trpežnih materialov, vendar so večji delji kljub temu izpostavljeni propadanju. Na nekaterih delih je zid že popolnoma razpadel, drugje pa se bojijo, da bo v naslednjih dveh desetletjih izginil zaradi erozije in slabe oskrbe.

Veliko Britanijo je v rimskih časih predeljeval Hadrijanov zid. Namen zidu naj ne bi bil toliko usmerjen v zadrževanje barbarskih plemen na severni strani, temveč bolj v nadzor nad migracijami in tihotapstvom. Gradnja 117km dolgega zidu se je začela leta 112, končana pa je bila v dobrih šestih letih. Zid je bil zgrajen iz materialov, ki so bili dostopni v bližini: vzhodno od reke Irthing je tako zid meril okoli 3 metre v širino in 5-6 metrov v višino, zgrajen pa je bil iz kamnitih blokov, medtem ko je zahodno od reke kot gradbeni material prevladovala travna ruša, zid pa je bil mnogo širši in nižji (6m širok in 3.5m visok).

Hadrijanov zid

Prav Hadrijanov zid naj bi služil kot navdih za veliki Zid v priljubljeni knjižni in televizijski seriji Igra prestolov. Tudi tam velikanski leden zid na severni strani zadržuje plemena Divježev, medtem ko se na južni strani razprostira obširno civilizirano ozemlje Sedmih kraljestev.

Nekoliko manj impozanten, a nič manj častitiljiv zid pa je moč najti tudi na sosednjem Hrvaškem. Stonske zidine je obrambni zid, utrjen s stolpi, ki mesto Ston v Dalmaciji povezuje z Malim Stonom. Zidine so nekoč skupaj merile okoli 7 kilometrov, varovale pa so dobičkonosno ozemlje tamkajšnjih solin, ki so dubrovniški republiki prinašale 15.900 dukatov letno. Zid so postopoma dograjevali skoraj štiri stoletja z začetkom v 14. stoletju, veliki deli zidu so se porušili v potresih 1667, 1979 in 1996. Leta 2004 so se začela obnovitvena dela.

Stonske zidine
Berlinski zid

Vendar se zdi, da primitivna rešitev – gradnja zidu – v sodobnih časih ni izgubila na priljubljenosti, in, presenetljivo, tudi na učinkovitosti ne. Med leti 1961 in 1989 je Berlin na vzhodni in zahodni del ločeval Berlinski zid, mogočen urbani simbol, vir neštetih osebnih in družbenih travm ter gradnik sodobne berlinske urbane mitologije. Padec zidu je simboliziral preroditev v novo dobo svobode in enakopravnosti, a 30 let po tem se na mejah vzpenjajo žičnate ograje, primitivni voditelji držav pa sanjajo o primitivnih rešitvah, na primer velikem zidu, ki bi segal čez cel kontinent, in tokrat obrnjeno – zvezne države severa varoval pred migranti z juga.

 

Pripravila: Ajda Bračič 

Vir fotografij: Wikipedija

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