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Arhitektura,Zbita zemlja
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20 septembra, 2021

Delavnica Anne Heringer: Doma narejeni dom

V samotnih ruralnih področjih Bangladeša je bila izvedena praktična delavnica za študente in mlade arhitekte pod mentorstvom arhitektke Anne Heringer. Študenti dveh povezanih univerz (univerze BRAC v bangladeški Daki in univerze za likovno umetnost in industrijsko oblikovanje v Linzu) so s pomočjo lokalnih obrtnikov v majhni vasici Rudrapur na severu države načrtali in zgradili tri družinske hiše. Hiše služijo kot modeli; so predlogi za nadaljnjo gradnjo v Bangladešu.

Cilj in situ narejenih družinskih hiš imenovanih HOMEmade project, je izboljšati življenjske pogoje lokalne populacije in ojačati narodno identiteto, ob tem pa ves čas ohranjati avtentično lokalno arhitekturo. Prizadevni mladi študenti in lokalni obrtniki, ki so se podučili o modernih tehnikah gradnje iz ilovice in bambusa, so v snovanju in izvedbi treh modelov hiš vse svoje cilje tudi dosegli. Skupaj si želijo svoje znanje in veščine prenesti tudi v druge regije Bangladeša.

Pomanjkanje obdelovalne zemlje je velik problem. Tričetrt Bangladeševcev, več kot 110 milijonov, živi v vaseh, večinoma v kočah iz zbite ilovice in bambusa. Toda ta tradicionalna gradnja, je tehnično zastarela, ni se razvijala v skladu s potrebami že stoletja, zato se prebivalcem zdi trend gradnje iz opeke, betona in kovinskih valovitk sila privlačen. A ta trend pomeni kvečjemu nazadnjaštvo, pomeni slabo novico za okolje; izdelava teh materialov terja ogromno energije in emisij. Modeli HOMEmade projekta na drugi strani ohranjajo avtohtone, trajnostne materiale, uporabljajo dostopne in obnovljive vire. Ob tem uvajajo nove načine gradnje in prestrukturirano logiko hiše, odgovarjajo na zahteve po prostoru in udobju.

Bivalna površina se iz tal prestavi v prvo nadstropje, zaradi gradnje v višino ostane več zemlje za agrikulturo. Če bi se v Bangladešu izpostavila gradnja, ki jo predstavljajo modeli Anne Heringer, bi to pomenilo zmanjšanje emisij in odpadkov.  Ob zasnovi modela hiš so imeli v mislih tudi skrb za preskrbljenost s hrano ene najgosteje poseljenih držav na svetu, s kar 1045 ljudmi na kvadratni kilometer.

Arhitektka verjame, da ima arhitektura, če je pametno snovana, potencial za veliko spremembo na bolje v Bangladeškem ekološkemu ravnovesju, pa tudi v njegovi ekonomski samostojnosti. Upa, da lahko skupaj poženejo proces ponovnega odkrivanja svoje kulturne in arhitekturne identitete. 

Vse tri družinske hiše se prilagajajo tradicionalnemu in sodobnemu življenjskemu stilu ruralnih, socialno ogroženih družin in izboljšujejo udobje, varnost, obstojnost in zasebnost. Kot v tradicionalni domači Bangladeški arhitekturi sta kuhinja in kopalnica ločeni konstrukciji. Zaradi novosti, dodanega nadstropja, kar je na podeželju sicer redkost, je na zemljišču prostor še za vrt. Površine v prvem nadstropju so bolj zasebne in imajo razgled. Streha, z dobrimi termalnimi lastnostmi, izolacija iz kokosovih vlaken, zasteklena okna in naravno prezračevanje zagotavljajo ugodno temperaturo skozi celo leto. 

V večini obstoječih tradicionalnih hiš v Bangladešu je namreč tekom zime prehladno, poleti pa prevroče. Nove, robustnejše tehnologije zagotavljajo daljšo življenjsko dobo hiše. 

Tradicionalno gradnjo so spoštljivo nadgradili; hiša, čeprav ilovnata, ima hidroizolacijo, ki preprečuje vdor kapilarne vlage, pa tudi vdor škodljivcev, majhni delci bambusa branijo zunanje plasti zidov pred dežnimi kapljami in z njimi povezanim površinskim spiranjem materiala, večje slamice v ilovici pa delujejo kot armatura zidov za trdne in čvrste zidove.

Projektiranje je potekalo na mestu gradnje, tam prav tako izdelali vse detajle. Namesto konvencionalnih arhitekturnih načrtov so za komunikacijo uporabljali skice.

Arhitektura, ki je rezultat zgoraj omenjenih prizadevanj, odseva iskrenost oblike in materialov. Kvalitete dobre arhitekture, kot dokazuje pričujoč projekt, so občutljivost, skromnost in pogum. 

To je gradnja, ki je prijazna do okolja in v prijazna do človeka.

Besedilo: Anja Trobec

Investitor: Shanti-Partnerschaft Bangladesh e.V.
Projekt omogoča :Dipshikha (Non-formal Education Training and Research Society for Village Development)
Površine: 
Pritličje: 45 m2
Lokacija: Rudrapur in Vinshnupur, Bangladesh
Naročniki: družina Shepal Depsharma, družinaHemonto Ray in družina Rahini Ray
Sodelujoči študenti: Adrita Anwar, Shoeb Al-Rahe, Tanmay Chakrabarty, Omar Faruque, Majeda Khatun, Imrul Kayes, Gazi Fazle Rahim, Suvashis Saha

Koncept: Anna Heringer and Paul Ch. Tigga
Svetovalec za zbito zemljo: Martin Rauch

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Revija Outsider je prejela Plečnikovo medaljo za prispevek k bogatitvi arhitekturne kulture. Kot piše v utemeljitvi, sta revija in spletni portal Outsider nov slovenski medij o kulturi in družbi, ki si prizadeva za poznavalski in hkrati distanciran pogled na prostor. Ekipa arhitektov, ki skrbi za njen obstoj, je nagrajena za inovativnost pri širjenju zavedanja o arhitekturi in prostoru v kontekstu širše kulture in širše javnosti ter za vztrajnost na vsebinski in finančni neodvisnosti.

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