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Arhitektura,Razmislek
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10 oktobra, 2019

EDO festivalske beležke: Bloki

Dear sweet mother of god, we’re in Eastern Europe, ugotovijo junaki kultnega najstniškega filma Eurotrip, ko se pred njimi odpre pogled na vrsto sivih blokov, med katerimi se razteza umazan hibrid med ulico in trgom. Blokovska naselja so bila odgovor na stanovanjsko problematiko povojne Evrope. Večino takšnih naselij v Zahodni Evropi so do danes že porušili, v državah bivšega socialističnega bloka pa še vedno predstavljajo glavna poselitvena jedra.

Kljub temu, da socialistične soseske v Ljubljani predstavljajo dom za približno polovico prebivalcev, raziskave kažejo, da bi velika večina - med 75 in kar 92 odstotkov Slovencev - rajši živelo v hiši z vrtom ali v hiši na samem, če bi imeli to možnost. To kažejo tudi naše gradbene tendence: v letu 2018 smo Slovenci na 1 m2 stanovanjskih površin zgradili 10 m2 hiš. Tako se o blokih, prepoznavnem znaku številnih vzhodnoevropskih mest, vse redkeje govori kot o rešitvi stanovanjskega problema. Vendarle je bila to hitra, poceni in kakovostna rešitev stanovanjskega problema, poudarja  Tomaž Vuga, arhitekt, ki je zasnoval eno od največjih sosesk pri nas, Cankarjevo naselje v Novi Gorici, in ki sosesko spremlja še danes, v času energetskih sanacij blokov, in v času, ko Mestna občina Nova Gorica načrtuje tudi prenovo javnih prostorov v soseski.

Zakaj so socialistični bloki tako nepriljubljeni? Je stanovanjska gradnja socialističnega modernizma res tako neosebna, da nikoli ne bi mogla zadovoljivo gostiti človeških teles, ki jo naseljujejo? Ali so nad njimi res navdušeni le arhitekti in nihče drug? Bodo “večstanovanjski objekti”, ki so se gradili po osamosvojitvi, bolj uspešno prestali test časa? Eden od sogovornikov poljskega dokumentarnega filma Bloki cinično pripomni, da so zgradbe, ki se gradijo danes, še vedno bloki, le fasada je drugačna. Manj cinično lahko dodamo, da je drugačen tudi javni prostor - tega je manj ali pa ga sploh ni.

Morda pa problem niso bloki. Morda je problem neskladje potreb in stanovanjskih kvadratur, nizka stanovanjska mobilnost (v povprečju se Slovenci preselimo le dvakrat v življenju) ter dejstvo, da se tako lastniki stanovanj v blokih kot lastniki novogradenj čutijo prikovane na svojo nepremičnino. Urbani sociologi so že leta nazaj upali, da bo neskladje na slovenskem stanovanjskem trgu odpravil nepremičninski davek. Kljub temu, da je stanovanjska kriza vse večja, je pred kratkim tudi premier Šarec jasno napovedal, da v njegovem mandatu nepremičninskega davka ne bo in problem preložil na prihodnje mandatarje.

Pomanjkanje dostopnih stanovanj je torej eden od največjih slovenskih problemov, večanje gostote poselitve pa zaradi okoljskih, ekonomskih, prometnih in infrastrukturnih razlogov pa več kot smiselno. Odziv na podnebno krizo in gradnja dostopnih stanovanj sta tudi ukrepa, ki ju vse bolj glasno zahtevajo mladi v Sloveniji. To je priložnost, da arhitektura in politika bloke znova predstavita kot rešitev. S kakovostno, smiselno prenovo bi lahko slovenske socialistične soseske predstavljale prvi korak k zagotavljanju dostopne gostote, ki hkrati rešuje okoljsko in stanovanjsko krizo.

O socialističnih blokih bomo 16. 10. 2019 spregovorili na filmskem festivalu EDO. Po ogledu poljskega filma Bloki bo sledil pogovor z arhitektom Tomažem Vugo.

EDO poteka oktobra - v Mesecu prostora. Organizator festivala je prostoRož. 

Avtorica prispevka: Zala Velkavrh / prostoRož

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Revija Outsider je prejela Plečnikovo medaljo za prispevek k bogatitvi arhitekturne kulture. Kot piše v utemeljitvi, sta revija in spletni portal Outsider nov slovenski medij o kulturi in družbi, ki si prizadeva za poznavalski in hkrati distanciran pogled na prostor. Ekipa arhitektov, ki skrbi za njen obstoj, je nagrajena za inovativnost pri širjenju zavedanja o arhitekturi in prostoru v kontekstu širše kulture in širše javnosti ter za vztrajnost na vsebinski in finančni neodvisnosti.

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