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Urbane rastline
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14 februarja, 2018

Urbane rastline: Platana (Platanus x hispanica)

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S kolegi se dostikrat šalimo, da predmeti, obarvani v vojaški vzorec, ne obstajajo. Ljudje v vojaških hlačah nimajo nog in vojaških tankov ni. Ob sprehodu mimo parka Zvezda sem ujel čudovito skorjo v zvezdast raster sajenih dreves. Čudno, da sem jo sploh opazil, če pa se tako mojstrsko zliva z okolico. No, šalo na stran. Videl sem namreč primerke Platanus x hispanica (sopomenki P. x hybrida, P. x acerifolia), javoro(vo)listne platane.

Pogled na park Zvezda in Kongresni trg okoli leta 1940 (vir: Zgodovina na dlani – Milena Žnideršič)

Si sploh lahko predstavljate, da je bil »Kongresc« še pred manj kot sto leti videti takole kot na zgornji razglednici? Trg s parkom Zvezda je bil urejen leta 1821 ob kongresu Svete alianse. Svoj pečat je na prostoru pustil tudi arhitekt Jože Plečnik, ki je zaslužen za zasnovo tlakovanja ploščadi in linij poti v parku ter novo zasaditev (1928–1940). Kostanje so v začetku štiridesetih let komaj lahko zamenjali z redkeje raščenimi platanami, saj je javnost sanaciji odločno nasprotovala. Leta 1942 je časnik Jutro poročal o izjemno bogatem pridelku krompirja in kasneje soje na »mestni njivi« – zaradi potreb preoranem Kongresnem trgu. Danes nepredstavljivo, kajne? V parku sedaj kraljujejo javorolistne platane, ki so bile pred nekaj leti zaradi gradnje garažne hiše ponovno pod pritiski. Čeprav si je mesto prizadevalo ohraniti obstoječe platane, jih je bilo nekaj odstranjenih, nekaj pa se jih je zaradi poškodovanega koreninskega sistema posušilo.

Platanus je edini rod družine platanovk (Platanaceae). Poznamo okoli deset vrst platan in hibrid med vzhodno in zahodno platano (Platanus x hispanica), ki je hkrati najpomembnejši predstavnik rodu. Pred letom 1666 se je v oxfordskem botaničnem vrtu pojavil križanec, ki so ga sprva imenovali »španska ali javorovolistna platana« – Platanus x hispanica. Gre za križanec, ki združuje odlike obeh sort: odpornost proti suši, prahu, dimu in proti boleznim ter raščavost. V Londonu se je kmalu pokazalo, da je javorovolistna platana vrsta, ki je najbolj odporna proti smogu, zato se je je prijelo tudi ime londonska platana.

Drevo zraste med 20 in 30 m visoko. Krošnja je v naravni raščavosti piramidalna, lahko pa je tudi oblikovana, tj. kroglasto rezana. Dlanasti listi so dolgi med 15 in 25 cm, gladki, zeleni in 3- do 5-krpi. Plodovi so drobni – zrastejo v do dvocentimetrskih rjavih soplodjih in dozorijo meseca oktobra. V zimskem času platana postane najzanimivejša, saj jo krasi iz neenakomernih in nepravilnih krp sestavljena drevesna skorja. Kot v mozaiku se prepletajo zelenkasta, rjavkasta in sivkasta polja, ki spominjajo na odluščene plasti večkrat nanesenih barvnih slojev.

Mesta se od naravnih rastišč močno razlikujejo, saj jih zaznamujejo številni neugodni vplivi (prostorske omejitve, povišan pH, slabo hranljiva, zbita tla, nihanje temperature, spremenjen vodni režim, drugačna zračna vlaga …). Platane so zaradi svoje trpežnosti za mestna rastišča zelo primerne. V mestu jih uporabljamo kot soliterna ali drevoredna drevesa, ustrezajo jim tudi razpoke in različna zapuščena, malo porasla rastišča; ob Savi jih najdemo tudi na skalovju.

Platane pestijo številne bolezni in škodljivci, a jih kljub temu še vedno prištevamo med ustrezne vrste za sajenje v urbanem okolju. Zaradi hitre rasti poganjkov, ki izraščajo okoli mesta rezi, dopuščajo pogosto, tudi vsakoletno rez. Tako lahko drevesno krošnjo oblikujemo v želeno obliko. A vendar pogosto obrezovanje ni priporočljivo, saj krajša življenjsko dobo rastlin. Nepravilna ali pretirana rez lahko vodi v propad primerka.

Piše: Marko Klemen

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