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Urbane rastline
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18 oktobra, 2017

Urbane rastline: Breza – Betula pendula

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Tiste drobne, v vetru nežno zibajoče listke imam rad. Breza, srečna, draga, nežna. Nedolžna in sramežljiva. Svetla in tiha. Poetično začenjam s tem popoletnim zapisom nadaljevanja urbanih rastlin. Zakaj? Ker sem se pred dnevi za hip ustavil v mimo dirjajoči množici. Med oblaki ljubljanske jutranje meglice, dimom iz bližnje zelene hišice, kjer stric že prodaja kostanj, čigar vonj se meše s parfumom stare gospe, sem uzrl Zajčevega Prešerna, ki  sproščeno stoji na Fabianijevem odru.

Že kmalu po odkritju spomenika, leta 1905, je ta pri županovi politično nasprotni strani vzbudil odpor. Klerikalci se niso spotikali samo ob pesnika, predvsem jih je motila na pol gola podoba muze. Med drugimi je ljubljanski nadškof, doktor Anton Bonaventura Jeglič, ljubljanskega župana Hribarja, v imenu javnosti prosil, naj kip muze odstrani in ga da: “Zamenjati z drugim, bolj spodobno oblečenim.« Politično-satirični dnevnik Osa je kmalu za tem objavil lirsko-epsko ljubljansko balado Muza in škof, ki predstavlja šaljivi dialog muze in škofa, ki jo sprašuje: »Oj naga in nesramna muza, povej mi, kje je tvoja bluza?«

Prešernov spomenik pred lekarno na Marijinem trgu leta 1913. Razglednica Milene Žnideršič, objavljeno na zgodovinanadlani.si

Zakaj vse to? Kot lahko vidimo na starejših fotografijah in razglednicah, je bila okolica Prešernovega spomenika nekdaj skrbno vzdrževana. Nizko striženim živicam so se pridružile tudi kroglaste grmovnice in trajnice. Zanimivo je tudi, da je bil spomenik še pred gradnjo Tromostovja ograjen z nizko ograjo. Kasneje pa so med kipom in Frančiškansko cerkvijo ustvarili zeleno bariero, ki jo še danes tvorijo tri navadne breze (Betula pendula). S svojo milino in čistostjo so pravi kontrast Prešernovi muzi in nadškofu bi bile gotovo všeč.

 

 

Navadna breza (Betula pendula) je sicer priljubljeno okrasno drevo, ki ga najdemo tudi v slovenskih gozdovih, predvsem na posekah in gozdnem robu. Breza je listopadno drevo, ki zraste 15 do 30 metrov visoko. Deblo doseže premer do pol metra, izjemoma tudi več. Največja posebnost rastline, ki je tudi poglavitni razlog, zakaj je tako priljubljena in uporabljena, je njena bela skorja. Pri mladih rastlinah je gladka in se lušči v trakovih. S starostjo, rastjo in širitvijo debla pa razpoka in posivi. Veje so tanke in se pogosto povešajo proti tlom. Rastlina ima moške in ženske cvetove, ki se pojavljajo v obliki mačic. Breza konec poletja plodi majhne krilate oreške, velike do 2 milimetra, ki jih prenaša veter. Breze so pionirske in sukcesijske sorte, kar pomeni, da so ene pravih drevesnih vrst, ki se pojavijo na degradirani, nevzdrževani ali zapuščeni lokaciji. Njihova življenjska doba dosega okoli sto let.

Navadna breza je drevo, ki ga uporabljamo v medicini za zdravljenje različnih bolezni in za zatiranje različnih zajedavcev; znana pa sta tudi brezov sok in brezovo vino. Uporablja se tudi v prehrambne namene.

 

 

V mestih je smiselno saditi drevesne vrste, ki s svojimi rastlinskimi deli zadržujejo ali odstranjujejo prašne delce. Dlakave in lepljive listne površine imajo črni in rdeči bor, dvokrpi ginko, tisa, vrbe, gaber, divji kostanj, lipovec, platana in tudi breza. Naštete vrste tako blažijo onesnaženost mestnega zraka. Navadna breza je visoko učinkovita za odstranjevanje dušikovih oksidov in ozona, srednje učinkovita za odstranjevanje prašnih delcev ter nizko učinkovita za odstranjevanje hlapnih organskih spojin. Breze zato spadajo med urbane rastline, saj se dobro obnesejo na degradiranih tleh. Njihove zahteve so skromne. Ne ustrezajo jim močvirna tla in rastišča na kislih tleh. Za rast potrebujejo veliko sonca, zato se najpogosteje pojavljajo posamično, kot soliter, ali v manjših skupinah.

Brezi lahko priprišemo tudi mitološko vlogo. Severni narodi jo povezujejo tudi z lokalno identiteto.

Muza ostaja. Gola, seveda. In breze tudi. Kmalu se bodo listi obarvali zlatorumeno. In kasneje bodo mesto krasile s svojo belo skorjo. Himalajska, zlata, črna, navadna ali puhasta breza, vsaka drugačna, tiha in nežna. Še kolegico so dobile. Na Čopovo se je preselila.

 

Napisal: Marko Klemen

 

 

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